Confluence Cloud Developer

Last updatedJul 25, 2019

Understanding JWT for Connect apps

Atlassian Connect uses a technology called JWT (JSON Web Token) to authenticate apps. JSON Web Tokens (JWT) are a standard way of representing security claims between the app and the Atlassian host product. A JWT token is simply a signed JSON object which contains information which enables the receiver to authenticate the sender of the request.

JWT token structure

A JWT token looks like this:

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJleHAiOjEzODY4OTkxMzEsImlzcyI6ImppcmE6MTU0ODk1OTUiLCJxc2giOiI4MDYzZmY0Y2ExZTQxZGY3YmM5MGM4YWI2ZDBmNjIwN2Q0OTFjZjZkYWQ3YzY2ZWE3OTdiNDYxNGI3MTkyMmU5IiwiaWF0IjoxMzg2ODk4OTUxfQ.uKqU9dTB6gKwG6jQCuXYAiMNdfNRw98Hw_IWuA5MaMo

Once you understand the format, it's actually pretty simple:

<base64url-encoded header>.<base64url-encoded claims>.<base64url-encoded signature>

In other words:

You create a header object, with the JSON format. Then you encode it in base64url
You create a claims object, with the JSON format. Then you encode it in base64url
You create a signature for the URI (we'll get into that later). Then you encode it in base64url
You concatenate the three items, with the "." separator

You shouldn't actually have to do this manually, as there are libraries available in most languages, as we describe in the JWT libraries section. However it is important you understand the fields in the JSON header and claims objects described in the next sections:

The header object declares the type of the encoded object and the algorithm used for the cryptographic signature. Atlassian Connect always uses the same values for these. The typ property will be "JWT" and the alg property will be "HS256".

{
    "typ":"JWT",
    "alg":"HS256"
}

Attribute	Type	Description
`typ`	String	Type for the token, defaulted to "JWT". Specifies that this is a JWT token
`alg` (mandatory)	String	Algorithm. specifies the algorithm used to sign the token. In atlassian-connect version 1.0 we support the HMAC SHA-256 algorithm, which the JWT specification identifies using the string HS256.

Your JWT library or implementation should discard any tokens which specify `alg: none` as this can provide a bypass of the token verification.

Claims

The claims object contains security information about the message you're transmitting. The attributes of this object provide information to ensure the authenticity of the claim. The information includes the issuer, when the token was issued, when the token will expire, and other contextual information, described below.

{
    "iss": "jira:1234567",
    "iat": 1300819370,
    "exp": 1300819380,
    "qsh": "8063ff4ca1e41df7bc90c8ab6d0f6207d491cf6dad7c66ea797b4614b71922e9",
    "sub": "mia",
    "context": {
        "user": {
            "accountId": "123456:1234abcd-1234-abcd-1234-1234abcd1234",
            "userKey": "mia",
            "username": "mkrystof",
            "displayName": "Mia Krystof"
        }
    }
}

Attribute	Type	Description
`iss` (mandatory)	String	the issuer of the claim. Connect uses it to identify the application making the call. for example: If the Atlassian product is the calling application: contains the unique identifier of the tenant. This is the `clientKey` that you receive in the `installed` callback. You should reject unrecognised issuers. If the app is the calling application: the app key specified in the app descriptor
`iat` (mandatory)	Long	Issued-at time. Contains the UTC Unix time at which this token was issued. There are no hard requirements around this claim but it does not make sense for it to be significantly in the future. Also, significantly old issued-at times may indicate the replay of suspiciously old tokens.
`exp` (mandatory)	Long	Expiration time. It contains the UTC Unix time after which you should no longer accept this token. It should be after the issued-at time.
`qsh` (mandatory)	String	query string hash. A custom Atlassian claim that prevents URL tampering.
`sub` (optional)	String	The subject of this token. This is the user associated with the relevant action, and may not be present if there is no logged in user. This may be the user's Atlassian Account ID (added by GDPR API migration) or userKey (marked for deprecation) (removed by GDPR API Migration).
`aud` (optional)	String or String[]	The audience(s) of this token. For REST API calls from an app to a product, the audience claim can be used to disambiguate the intended recipients. This attribute is not used for Jira and Confluence at the moment, but will become mandatory when making REST calls from an app to e.g. the bitbucket.org domain.
`context` (optional)	Object	The context claim is an extension added by Atlassian Connect which may contain useful context for outbound requests (from the product to your app). The current user (the same user in the `sub` claim) is added to the context. This contains the account ID, user key, username, and display name for the subject. (context.user marked for deprecation.) (removed by GDPR API Migration) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 `"context": { "user": { "accountId": "123456:1234abcd-1234-abcd-1234-1234abcd1234", "userKey": "mia", "username": "mkrystof", "displayName": "Mia Krystof" } }` `accountId` — the primary key of the user, global across Atlassian. Use the `accountId` any time you want to store a reference to a user in long term storage (e.g., a database or an index). The `accountId` can never change. The account ID should never be displayed to the user as it is not a human-readable value. `userKey` — the legacy primary key of the user. `username` — a unique secondary key. It should not be stored in long-term storage because it can change over time. This is the value that the user has traditionally logged into the application with. `displayName` — the user's name.

You should use a little leeway when processing time-based claims, as clocks may drift apart. The JWT specification suggests no more than a few minutes. Judicious use of the time-based claims allows for replays within a limited window. This can be useful when all or part of a page is refreshed or when it is valid for a user to repeatedly perform identical actions (e.g. clicking the same button).

Signature

The signature of the token is a combination of a hashing algorithm combined with the header and claims sections of the token. This provides a way to verify that the claims and headers haven't been been compromised during transmission. The signature will also detect if a different secret is used for signing. In the JWT spec, there are multiple algorithms you can use to create the signature, but Atlassian Connect uses the HMAC SHA-256 algorithm. If the JWT token has no specified algorithm, you should discard that token as they're not able to be signature verified.

JWT libraries

Most modern languages have JWT libraries available. We recommend you use one of these libraries (or other JWT-compatible libraries) before trying to hand-craft the JWT token.

Language	Library
Java	atlassian-jwt and jsontoken
Python	pyjwt
Node.js	atlassian-jwt-js
Ruby	atlassian-jwt-ruby
PHP	firebase php-jwt and luciferous jwt
.NET	jwt
Haskell	haskell-jwt

The JWT decoder is a handy web based decoder for Atlassian Connect JWT tokens.

Creating a JWT token

Here is an example of creating a JWT token, in Java, using atlassian-jwt and nimbus-jwt (last tested with atlassian-jwt version 1.5.3 and nimbus-jwt version 2.16):

import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.util.HashMap;
import com.atlassian.jwt.*;
import com.atlassian.jwt.core.writer.*;
import com.atlassian.jwt.httpclient.CanonicalHttpUriRequest;
import com.atlassian.jwt.writer.JwtJsonBuilder;
import com.atlassian.jwt.writer.JwtWriterFactory;

public class JWTSample {

    public String createUriWithJwt()
            throws UnsupportedEncodingException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
        long issuedAt = System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000L;
        long expiresAt = issuedAt + 180L;
        String key = "atlassian-connect-addon"; //the key from the app descriptor
        String sharedSecret = "...";    //the sharedsecret key received
                                        //during the app installation handshake
        String method = "GET";
        String baseUrl = "https://<my-dev-environment>.atlassian.net/";
        String contextPath = "/";
        String apiPath = "/rest/api/latest/serverInfo";

        JwtJsonBuilder jwtBuilder = new JsonSmartJwtJsonBuilder()
                .issuedAt(issuedAt)
                .expirationTime(expiresAt)
                .issuer(key);

        CanonicalHttpUriRequest canonical = new CanonicalHttpUriRequest(method,
                apiPath, contextPath, new HashMap());
        JwtClaimsBuilder.appendHttpRequestClaims(jwtBuilder, canonical);

        JwtWriterFactory jwtWriterFactory = new NimbusJwtWriterFactory();
        String jwtbuilt = jwtBuilder.build();
        String jwtToken = jwtWriterFactory.macSigningWriter(SigningAlgorithm.HS256,
                sharedSecret).jsonToJwt(jwtbuilt);

        String apiUrl = baseUrl + apiPath + "?jwt=" + jwtToken;
        return apiUrl;
    }
}

Verifying a JWT token

Here is a minimal example of decoding and verifying a JWT token, in Java, using atlassian-jwt and nimbus-jwt (last tested with atlassian-jwt version 1.5.3 and nimbus-jwt version 2.16).

NOTE: This example does not include any error handling. See AbstractJwtAuthenticator from atlassian-jwt for recommendations of how to handle the different error cases.

import com.atlassian.jwt.*;
import com.atlassian.jwt.core.http.JavaxJwtRequestExtractor;
import com.atlassian.jwt.core.reader.*;
import com.atlassian.jwt.exception.*;
import com.atlassian.jwt.reader.*;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.util.Map;

public class JWTVerificationSample {

    public Jwt verifyRequest(HttpServletRequest request,
                             JwtIssuerValidator issuerValidator,
                             JwtIssuerSharedSecretService issuerSharedSecretService)
            throws UnsupportedEncodingException, NoSuchAlgorithmException,
                   JwtVerificationException, JwtIssuerLacksSharedSecretException,
                   JwtUnknownIssuerException, JwtParseException {
        JwtReaderFactory jwtReaderFactory = new NimbusJwtReaderFactory(
                issuerValidator, issuerSharedSecretService);
        JavaxJwtRequestExtractor jwtRequestExtractor = new JavaxJwtRequestExtractor();
        CanonicalHttpRequest canonicalHttpRequest
                = jwtRequestExtractor.getCanonicalHttpRequest(request);
        Map<String, ? extends JwtClaimVerifier> requiredClaims = JwtClaimVerifiersBuilder.build(canonicalHttpRequest);
        String jwt = jwtRequestExtractor.extractJwt(request);
        return jwtReaderFactory.getReader(jwt).readAndVerify(jwt, requiredClaims);
    }
}

Decoding a JWT token

Decoding the JWT token reverses the steps followed during the creation of the token, to extract the header, claims and signature. Here is an example in Java:

String jwtToken = ...;//e.g. extracted from the request
String[] base64UrlEncodedSegments = jwtToken.split('.');
String base64UrlEncodedHeader = base64UrlEncodedSegments[0];
String base64UrlEncodedClaims = base64UrlEncodedSegments[1];
String signature = base64UrlEncodedSegments[2];
String header = base64Urldecode(base64UrlEncodedHeader);
String claims = base64Urldecode(base64UrlEncodedClaims);

This gives us the following:

Header:

{
    "alg": "HS256",
    "typ": "JWT"
}

Claims:

{
    "iss": "jira:15489595",
    "iat": 1386898951,
    "qsh": "8063ff4ca1e41df7bc90c8ab6d0f6207d491cf6dad7c66ea797b4614b71922e9",
    "exp": 1386899131
}

Signature:

uKqU9dTB6gKwG6jQCuXYAiMNdfNRw98Hw_IWuA5MaMo

Verifying a JWT token

JWT libraries typically provide methods to be able to verify a received JWT token. Here is an example using nimbus-jose-jwt and json-smart:

import com.nimbusds.jose.JOSEException;
import com.nimbusds.jose.JWSObject;
import com.nimbusds.jose.JWSVerifier;
import com.nimbusds.jwt.JWTClaimsSet;
import net.minidev.json.JSONObject;

public JWTClaimsSet read(String jwt, JWSVerifier verifier) throws ParseException, JOSEException
{
    JWSObject jwsObject = JWSObject.parse(jwt);

    if (!jwsObject.verify(verifier))
    {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Fraudulent JWT token: " + jwt);
    }

    JSONObject jsonPayload = jwsObject.getPayload().toJSONObject();
    return JWTClaimsSet.parse(jsonPayload);
}

Creating a query string hash

A query string hash is a signed canonical request for the URI of the API you want to call.

1
2

qsh = `sign(canonical-request)`
canonical-request = `canonical-method + '&' + canonical-URI + '&' + canonical-query-string`

A canonical request is a normalised representation of the URI. Here is an example. For the following URL, assuming you want to do a "GET" operation:

"https://<my-dev-environment>.atlassian.net/path/to/service?zee_last=param&repeated=parameter 1&first=param&repeated=parameter 2"

The canonical request is

"GET&/path/to/service&first=param&repeated=parameter%201,parameter%202&zee_last=param"

To create a query string hash, follow the detailed instructions below:

Compute canonical method
- Simply the upper-case of the method name (e.g. "GET" or "PUT")
Append the character '&'
Compute canonical URI
- Discard the protocol, server, port, context path and query parameters from the full URL.
- For requests targeting apps discard the baseUrl in the app descriptor.
- Removing the context path allows a reverse proxy to redirect incoming requests for "jira.example.com/getsomething" to "example.com/jira/getsomething" without breaking authentication. The requester cannot know that the reverse proxy will prepend the context path "/jira" to the originally requested path "/getsomething"
- Empty-string is not permitted; use "/" instead.
- Url-encode any '&' characters in the path.
- Do not suffix with a '/' character unless it is the only character. e.g.
  - Canonical URI of "https://example.atlassian.net/wiki/some/path/?param=value" is "/some/path"
  - Canonical URI of "https://example.atlassian.net" is "/"
Append the character '&'
Compute canonical query string
- The query string will use percent-encoding.
- Sort the parameters primarily by their percent-encoded names and secondarily by their percent-encoded values.
  - Include all the parameters from query string if it is a GET request.
  - Include all the post data in payload if it is a POST request.
- Sorting is by codepoint: sort(["a", "A", "b", "B"]) => ["A", "B", "a", "b"]
- For each parameter append its percent-encoded name, the '=' character and then its percent-encoded value. If the parameter has no value, the '=' character must still be included: &a=&b=foo&c=
- In the case of repeated parameters, append the encoded ',' character (i.e., "%2C") and subsequent percent-encoded values.
- Ignore the jwt parameter, if present.
- Some particular values to be aware of: - A whitespace character is encoded as "%20", - "," as "%2C", - "+" as "%2B", - "*" as "%2A" and - "~" as "~".
  (These values used for consistency with OAuth1.)
Convert the canonical request string to bytes
- The encoding used to represent characters as bytes is UTF-8
Hash the canonical request bytes using the SHA-256 algorithm
- e.g. The SHA-256 hash of "foo" is "2c26b46b68ffc68ff99b453c1d30413413422d706483bfa0f98a5e886266e7ae"

Manually creating a JWT

You should only need to read this section if you are planning to create JWT tokens manually, i.e. if you are not using one of the libraries listed in the previous section

More details on JWT tokens

The format of a JWT token is simple: <base64url-encoded header>.<base64url-encoded claims>.<signature>.

Each section is separated from the others by a period character (.).
Each section is base64url encoded, so you will need to decode each one to make them human-readable. Note that encoding with base64 and not base64url will result in an incorrect JWT token for payloads with non UTF-8 characters.
The header specifies a very small amount of information that the receiver needs in order to parse and verify the JWT token.
All JWT token headers state that the type is "JWT".
The algorithm used to sign the JWT token is needed so that the receiver can verify the signature.
The claims are a list of assertions that the issuer is making: each says that "this named field" has "this value".
Some, like the "iss" claim, which identifies the issuer of this JWT token, have standard names and uses.
Others are custom claims. We limit our use of custom claims as much as possible, for ease of implementation.
The signature is computed by using an algorithm such as HMAC SHA-256 plus the header and claims sections.
The receiver verifies that the signature must have been computed using the genuine JWT header and claims sections, the indicated algorithm and a previously established secret.
An attacker tampering with the header or claims will cause signature verification to fail.
An attacker signing with a different secret will cause signature verification to fail.
There are various algorithm choices legal in the JWT spec. In atlassian-connect version 1.0 we support HMAC SHA-256. Important: your implementation should discard any JWT tokens which specify alg: none as these are not subject to signature verification.

Steps to Follow

Create a header JSON object
Convert the header JSON object to a UTF-8 encoded string and base64url encode it. That gives you encodedHeader.
Create a claims JSON object, including a query string hash
Convert the claims JSON object to a UTF-8 encoded string and base64url encode it. That gives you encodedClaims.
Concatenate the encoded header, a period character (.) and the encoded claims set. That gives you signingInput = encodedHeader+ "." + encodedClaims.
Compute the signature of signingInput using the JWT or cryptographic library of your choice. Then base64url encode it. That gives you encodedSignature.
concatenate the signing input, another period character and the signature, which gives you the JWT token. jwtToken = signingInput + "." + encodedSignature

Example

Here is an example in Java using gson, commons-codec, and the Java security and crypto libraries:

public class JwtClaims {
     protected String iss;
     protected long iat;
     protected long exp;
     protected String qsh;
     protected String sub;
    // + getters/setters/constructors
}

[...]

public class JwtHeader {
    protected String alg;
    protected String typ;
     // + getters/setters/constructors
}

[...]

import static org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64.encodeBase64URLSafeString;
import static org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Hex.encodeHexString;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.security.*;
import javax.crypto.*;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
import com.google.gson.Gson;

public class JwtBuilder {

    public static String generateJWTToken(String requestUrl, String canonicalUrl,
        String key, String sharedSecret)
                 throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, UnsupportedEncodingException,
                 InvalidKeyException {

        JwtClaims claims = new JwtClaims();
        claims.setIss(key);
        claims.setIat(System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000L);
        claims.setExp(claims.getIat() + 180L);

        claims.setQsh(getQueryStringHash(canonicalUrl));
        String jwtToken = sign(claims, sharedSecret);
        return jwtToken;
    }

    private static String sign(JwtClaims claims, String sharedSecret)
            throws InvalidKeyException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
         String signingInput = getSigningInput(claims, sharedSecret);
         String signed256 = signHmac256(signingInput, sharedSecret);
         return signingInput + "." + signed256;
     }

     private static String getSigningInput(JwtClaims claims, String sharedSecret)
            throws InvalidKeyException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
         JwtHeader header = new JwtHeader();
         header.alg = "HS256";
         header.typ = "JWT";
         Gson gson = new Gson();
         String headerJsonString = gson.toJson(header);
         String claimsJsonString = gson.toJson(claims);
         String signingInput = encodeBase64URLSafeString(headerJsonString
                 .getBytes())
                 + "."
                 + encodeBase64URLSafeString(claimsJsonString.getBytes());
         return signingInput;
     }

     private static String signHmac256(String signingInput, String sharedSecret)
            throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, InvalidKeyException {
        SecretKey key = new SecretKeySpec(sharedSecret.getBytes(), "HmacSHA256");
        Mac mac = Mac.getInstance("HmacSHA256");
        mac.init(key);
        return encodeBase64URLSafeString(mac.doFinal(signingInput.getBytes()));
    }

    private static String getQueryStringHash(String canonicalUrl)
            throws NoSuchAlgorithmException,UnsupportedEncodingException {
        MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256");
         md.update(canonicalUrl.getBytes("UTF-8"));
         byte[] digest = md.digest();
         return encodeHexString(digest);
     }
 }

[...]

public class Sample {
    public String getUrlSample() throws Exception {
        String requestUrl =
            "https://<my-dev-environment>.atlassian.net/rest/atlassian-connect/latest/license";
        String canonicalUrl = "GET&/rest/atlassian-connect/latest/license&";
        String key = "...";     //from the app descriptor
                            //and received during installation handshake
        String sharedSecret = "..."; //received during installation Handshake

        String jwtToken = JwtBuilder.generateJWTToken(
            requestUrl, canonicalUrl, key, sharedSecret);
        String restAPIUrl = requestUrl + "?jwt=" + jwtToken;
        return restAPIUrl;
    }
}